Endocrine
- hypothalamus - oxytocin, ADH
- anterior pituitary - thyroxin
- thyroid - thyroxin, calcitonin, triiodothyronine
- pancreas - insulin, glucagon
- adrenal - epinephrine / adrenaline, norepinephrine, corticosteroid hormones
- gonads - testes (androgens) / ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)
Anatomy of the Endocrine System - Johns Hopkins Medicine
Digestive
- mouth
- tongue
- salivary glands
- esophagus - peristalsis
- stomach
- liver
- gall bladder
- pancreas
- small intestine - duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- large intestine - ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
- rectum and anus
Integumentary
- skin - epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Respiratory
- nasal cavity
- pharynx, larynx
- trachea
- lungs - bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
- pulmonary circulation
- lung volumes / capacities
- tidal volume = Vt 500mL - amount of air a person breathes in and out at rest
- Inspiratory reserve volume = IRV 3000mL inhaled
- Expiratory reserve volume = ERV 1000mL exhaled
- Residual volume - amount of air that stays in lung after max expiration (breathing out)
- total lung capacity = RV+ERV+VT+IRV
Cardiovascular / Circulatory
- blood - rbc, wbc, platelets, plasma (55%)
- blood vessels - arteries (away from heart), veins (towards heart), capillaries
- heart
- circulatory circuits
- pulmonary circuit
- systemic circuit
- blood pressure and heart rate
- systole and diastole
- normal BP = 120/80 mmHg
- electrocardiography / ECG
lymphatic system
- lymph
- lymph vessels, lymph nodes
- spleen, thymus, tonsils
- bone marrow
- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
- lymphokinetic motion and pressure gradient
Musculoskeletal System
- muscles
- skeletal, smooth, cardiac
- muscles contract; they cannot push
- muscle fibre: actin, myosin
- bones and joints
- blood cell formation - hematopoiesis
Nervous System
- afferent - ad ferre - carry towards
- efferent - ex ferre - carry from/out of
- neuron
- cell body - nucleus
- dendrites
- axon / nerve fibre
- myelin (insulation)
- synapse
- neurotransmitter - acetylcholine, dopamine
- action potential
- receptors
- central nervous system
- brain
- cerebrum - the hemispheres are connected by corpus callosum
- cerebellum
- diencephalon
- brain stem: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain / mesencephalon
- lobes of the brain: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
- basal ganglia
- spinal cord
- vertebral column
- reflex
- brain
- peripheral
- autonomous - involuntary control
- sympathetic, parasympathetic
- somatic - voluntary control
- autonomous - involuntary control
Urinary
- average urine per day = 750mL
- kidneys
- glomerulus
- nephron
- ureters
- bladder - can hold 500mL of urine for 2-5 hours
- urethra
Reproductive system
- male
- testes
- scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens
- prostate, seminal vesicles, Cowper’s gland, penis/urethra
- semen - alkaline
- female
- ovaries - follicles
- Fallopian tubes / oviducts
- uterus
- endometrium - lining of the uterus
- cervix
- vagina
- menstrual cycle
- follicular phase - FSH
- ovulation
- luteal phase - luteinizing hormone
- menstruation
- fertilization
- pregnancy